Dot density

represent the distribution of discrete phenomena with point symbols (each denoting the same quantity). Means of visualisation: colour, shape, position

Proportional symbols

show differences in absolute quantities through size differences. means of visualisation: colour, shape, size, position. Note: use transparency if symbols overlap

Diagram

use diagrams to display additional information for specific points or polygons

visual variables

• position
• size
• shape (2-3 features)
• value / colour (hue, saturation, luminosity) (4-6 variables)
• orientation (of pattern) (7-8 variables)
• texture (variations in grain/density) (9-12 variables)